A graphics editor is a special program designed for viewing on a computer. In addition, such software allows you to make your own drawings. For the first time, graphical representation of data on a computer was implemented in the 50s of the last century. It was at that time that graphic programs were developed for computers used in the military and scientific fields. Currently, there are three main types of graphic editors - raster, vector and hybrid.
Basic functions of graphic editors
The main functions of graphic editors include:
- can be created in the editor either manually or using special tools (stamps, curves, etc.).
- Converting a ready-made image. Photos and pictures can be moved, rotated and scaled. Also, such programs provide the ability to work with individual parts of the image. For example, a function such as deleting a fragment of an image is usually available. Pictures can also be copied either completely or in parts, and also glued and painted.
- Entering text into a picture. In this case, you can usually use a variety of fonts - both modern and stylized “antique” ones.
- Working with external devices. If desired, the drawn or edited image can be printed on a printer without leaving the program. Of course, the file can be saved to any folder on your hard drive or external drive.
Raster editors
A raster graphics editor is a tool designed primarily for processing ready-made images. This software guarantees the most accurate reproduction of tones and halftones. Consists of many points called pixels. Raster images are characterized by maximum realism. The quality is determined by the number of pixels, as well as their ability to convey color. The more dots of different shades the image contains, the clearer it is. Raster graphics editors have one small drawback. Free scaling of images using them without loss of quality is impossible. The fact is that each picture contains a strictly fixed number of dots. Therefore, let's say that when you enlarge the image, the dots will simply become larger. That is, the picture will lose clarity.
Most often, a raster image is saved in However, most editors also support such common formats as bmp, gif, tif, etc.
Vector graphic editors
A vector graphics editor is a program designed to create high-precision images. These could be, for example, drawings or diagrams. Such pictures are much clearer than raster ones. All elements are described mathematically. Therefore, such a picture can be enlarged without any loss of clarity. However, a vector editor cannot provide such realism of an image as a raster editor.
Vector graphics editors allow you not only to draw drawings manually, but also to convert raster images into diagrams. For this, the so-called tracing method is used. Thus, for example, an ordinary photo can be transformed into a stylish poster. The files in which vector drawings are saved are small in size compared to raster files.
Hybrid graphic editors
In a hybrid graphics editor, you can use both raster and vector tools to create an image. The main disadvantage of such programs is difficulty in using. Therefore, they have not yet received particularly wide distribution.
Raster editor Paint
So, a graphic editor - what is it? This is a very convenient software, an indispensable tool in the work of artists, photojournalists, engineers, architects, etc. Today there are both very complex editors designed for professionals and simpler ones used by ordinary people. The latter also includes Paint, a single-window raster editor available on almost every home computer. Most of the window of this program is occupied by the drawing area. in Paint it is located on the left. The program allows you to freely draw, scale pictures, change their color, erase unnecessary details, and also cancel all these actions in almost one click.
Adobe Photoshop Raster Editor
Like all raster graphics editors, Adobe Photoshop is designed to work primarily with digital photographs. This program was developed as a tool for professionals, but very quickly gained popularity among amateurs. Its main distinguishing feature is a truly unlimited list of tool options. Using this program, it is easy to cut out individual parts of images, create masks, change the proportions of pictures and their individual parts. If desired, you can apply a variety of effects to a photo or picture, change its color, brightness, saturation, contrast, etc.
Vector editor Corel Draw
The working tools of the Corel Draw graphic editor are, first of all, geometric shapes that can be converted into any other images, as well as curves. Using the latter, it is easy to bring a hand-drawn picture to perfection. You can paint over the resulting images using a variety of methods. If desired, it is possible to use both simple colors and various kinds of patterns and textures.
Drawings in Corel Draw are created on a worksheet located in the center of the window. The toolbar is located on the left side.
A graphic editor is a thing that can be useful in a variety of situations. It’s definitely worth learning how to use at least the simplest ones. With the help of such software, you can turn any unattractive photo into a real work of art, make a caricature or draw an interesting picture and send it to friends.
2. What is a raster? What is a pixel?
3. How do you understand the words “the image is made with a resolution of 640x480”?
4. What is a graphic primitive?
5. What are the features of vector graphics?
6. What raster graphics objects do you know?
7. List the main actions on raster graphics editor objects.
3.What information is stored in raster files and vector files?
4.What is a graphic coordinate system?
5. What means (software, technical) are used to obtain raster and vector graphic information?
6. Which method of presenting graphic information is more economical in terms of memory use?
7.Why is raster files compressed?
8. How do raster and vector images react to resizing and rotation?
Get the raster code and vector description to display the letters "N", "L", "T" on a black and white screen with an 8x8 graphic grid.
2.What parts does a file name consist of?
3.Who or what names the file?
4.Who or what assigns a file extension?
5.How many characters can a file name include?
6.How many characters are usually allocated for a file extension?
7.What needs to be done with the disk so that files can be stored on it?
8.What areas is the disk divided into when formatting?
9.In what case is the file system single-level?
10.How to write down the path to a file?
11.What kind of software does the operating system belong to?
12. What information should the operating system have to organize access to files?
13.Where is the currently running program and processed data stored?
14.What is a catalog called?
15.When does the operating system boot?
16.What is an operating system?
17.What is the name of a logical drive?
18.Which directory is called the root?
19.What is the state of the operating system called when it stops producing results and responding to requests?
20.What happens to OS files during the boot process?
21. The user, moving from one directory to another, sequentially visited the directories LESSONS, CLASS, SCHOOL, D:\, MYDOC, LETTERS. With each move, the user either went down to a lower level in the directory, or went up to a higher level. What is the full name of the directory from which the user started moving?
1) D:\MYDOC\LETTERS
2) D:\SCHOOL\CLASS\LESSONS
3) D:\LESSONS\CLASS\SCHOOL
22. Determine which of the specified file names does not satisfy the mask: ?*di.t?*
4) melodi.theme
23.The file Literature_List.txt is stored in a certain directory. In this directory, we created a subdirectory named 10_CLASS and moved the file Literature_List.txt into it. After which the full file name became D:\SCHOOL\PHYSICS\10_CLASS\Literature_list.txt.
What is the full name of the directory where the file was stored before it was moved?
1) D:\SCHOOL\PHYSICS\10_CLASS
2) D:\SCHOOL\PHYSICS
24. Which of the files matches the mask??P*.A??.
To create, view and edit graphic images on a computer, special programs are used - graphic editor, usually divided into two categories: raster And vector.
The initial acquisition of the original image is carried out either by directly drawing it using the editor itself, or by loading it from a file of the appropriate format or (for raster editors) by importing it from an external source - a scanner, digital camera, graphics tablet, etc. Communication between the editor and external devices is provided through a software interface , which sets standards for data exchange parameters.
Graphic editors have sets of tools for drawing simple graphic objects: lines, polygons, ellipses, etc. Such tools are available in both raster and vector editors, but the principles of working with them are somewhat different. In a raster editor, an object ceases to exist as an independent element immediately after drawing it is completed and becomes just a group of pixels in the drawing. In a vector editor, the drawn object continues to retain its individuality, while it can be scaled and moved around the drawing, i.e. edit independently of the rest of the image.
§ Before performing any operation on an object (copying, moving, deleting, rotating, resizing, etc.), it must first be highlight. For this purpose, graphic editors have special selection tools, allowing you to specify areas of arbitrary shape, partially or entirely covering the selected object or their group.
§ Editing tools allow you to make changes to the drawing: erase its individual parts, change colors, and so on. In raster graphic editors, partial erasing of image fragments is possible, while in vector editing, editing is performed by deleting only the entire objects included in the image.
§ Text Tools raster and vector editors allow you to add text to pictures and format it, and in vector editors you can use so-called callouts of various shapes to enter inscriptions in text areas.
§ Scaling Tools in raster graphics editors, they allow you to increase or decrease the scale of the representation of an object on the monitor screen, but do not affect its actual size. Vector editors, in addition to scaling, also change the size of objects themselves.
A graphics editor is a program or set of programs that are used to create or edit an image in a two-dimensional coordinate axis. The use of a graphic editor is possible on a computer.
All existing types of graphic editors are aimed at creating an image using stamps, lines, curves, dots, etc., as well as regenerating the original image. The graphic editor allows you to expand, move images, delete, copy some elements. The resulting new image can be immediately sent to print and saved.
Classification of graphic editors
There are three main types of graphic editing programs:
- raster;
- vector;
- hybrid.
Briefly about each type of program
Raster graphics editors are designed to create and process images in the form of dots or a grid of pixels (matrix) on display devices. Such programs are widely used in creating images that are sent to printing and publications on the Internet.
Using this type of editor allows you to create a drawing on a computer monitor and save it in JPEG and TIFE formats. When saving such graphics, due to the compression algorithm, the image quality decreases. When using the PNG, GIF format, which support the function of good lossless compression, the image quality does not deteriorate.
A typical example of a raster graphics editor is the program Adobe Photoshop.
Vector graphic editor makes it possible to create or edit an object consisting of geometric elements (points, lines, polygons) directly on the screen and save in vector editors (CDR, AI, EPS).
Vector graphics are the opposite of raster graphics.
Hybrid graphic editors designed for working with scanned documents. This type of graphic editor includes part of raster and vector programs. A striking example of a hybrid program can be considered AutoCAD, RasterDesk.
The possibilities that graphic editors offer are unlimited.
Examples
A point is specified by its coordinates on the screen (X, Y), a line - by the coordinates of the beginning (XI, Y1) and end (X2, Y2), a circle - by the coordinates of the center (X, Y) and radius (R), a rectangle - by the size of the sides and coordinates upper left corner (XI, Y1) and lower right corner (X2, Y2), etc.
To increase or decrease the rectangle, you need to change the coordinates of its upper left and lower right corners. True Type fonts, used in particular in WinWord, are vector images, so you can set almost any font size without losing quality.
The disadvantage of vector graphics is that it does not produce photographic quality images. However, it is great for drawings, diagrams, graphs and technical illustrations.
Color palettes
There are many ways to represent color. The main ones are RGB, CMYK, HSV and Lab.
RGB palette. Used to describe the colors emitted.
Scientists believe that the retina of the human eye has three types of light perception receptors. Some of them are sensitive to red, others to green and others to blue. The RGB color rendering system is based on this theory (from the English names of these colors: Red-Green-Blue– Red-Green-Blue). This system is used in color monitors. For example, a cathode ray tube monitor uses three electron beams, one for each primary color. You can control their intensity and get multi-colored images on the screen.
CMYK palette. Used in printing. When printing, they work not with the light itself, but with its reflection. Therefore, color printers and printing devices use “opposite” colors, additional to the primary ones. This is blue ( Cyan), purple ( Magenta) and yellow ( Yellow). In addition, pure black color is added ( Black). The highlighted letters give the name of the CMYK palette. Black has to be added because the mixture of cyan, magenta and yellow is not black enough. Sometimes other colors are added during printing.
HSV. This color rendering system is based on the fact that when examining a color image, one sees not a mixture of several colors, but shade (Hue) colors obtained as a result of mixing. This shade has a certain saturation (Saturation) And brightness (Value). The first letters of the English names of these indicators form the name of the HSV model.
Saturation can be thought of as the “strength” of a color. Red and pale pink are colors with different saturations. All desaturated colors contain shades of gray. Brightness measures how light or dark a color is. Black color has zero value.
Lab system. A device-independent color model based on the fact that humans perceive colors differently at the same intensity. The green color of the rays is perceived as the brightest, red – less bright and blue – the darkest. In the Lab model, color is characterized brightness (Lightness) and parameters A And b . Parameter A varies from green to red, and the parameter b – from blue to yellow. In this model, brightness is separated from color, and therefore it is convenient to convey contrast and sharpness.
CIE XYZ and Pantone. All the systems discussed in this section above are not sufficiently standardized. An RGB color with the same characteristics may appear differently on different monitors.
In the CIE XYZ system, each color is defined as a wavelength, so the corresponding set of numbers always defines the same color. The Pantone system fully complies with the standard. It is a commercial system of numbered colors. All colors with matching numbers will appear exactly the same on print as they appear on the swatch (in the Pantone album).
Graphic editor: purpose and main features
Graphics editor is a program for creating, editing and viewing graphic images on a computer. Some of the editors are designed to work only with raster or vector graphics, some - with both types.
Any editors must provide the ability to work with color. There are different palettes for this. In some editors you can create your own color palettes. There is definitely a possibility to edit the picture. For example, changing its size, erasing or copying individual selected parts. It is also usually possible to insert and format small pieces of text.
You can control page settings, set margin sizes, page layout (portrait or landscape), etc., just like in text editors.
Raster graphic editors. Raster graphics editors describe and store images in the form of dots. They are commonly used for processing photographs and scanned images. They can also prepare images for publication on the Internet and illustrations for books and magazines. In developed graphic editors, it is possible to select and process image layers separately, which are then superimposed on each other.
Vector graphic editors. Vector graphic editors store and use descriptions of drawings in the form of geometric shapes. Such editors can be used to create publications on the Internet in PDF format. They often have the means to create advertising, such as text design.
Some of them can process raster images and convert them into vector ones.